#4 pics 1 word 5 letters level 1271 serial#
Although as of yet no full consensus on this issue has emerged, earlier evidence appeared to support the serial position (e.g., Schriefers et al., 1990 Levelt et al., 1991) but a number of studies have over the last few years reported evidence which shows multiple phonological activation and hence supports the view that activation flows in a cascaded fashion (e.g., Peterson and Savoy, 1998 Morsella and Miozzo, 2002 Navarrete and Costa, 2005 Meyer and Damian, 2007 Oppermann et al., 2008, 2010 Görges et al., 2013).Ĭompared to spoken production, relatively less research has been carried out to investigate the processes and mechanisms underlying written word production, and very little work has been devoted to investigate whether activation flow is serial or cascaded when a word is written (see e.g., Bonin and Fayol, 2000 Roux and Bonin, 2012). The question of whether or not multiple phonological codes are activated in word production has been extensively studied within the spoken word production literature. A critical component of the claim that word production is “non-discrete” is represented by the assumption that activation transmission from semantic to phonological levels is “cascaded.” Cascadedness implies that (a) access to phonology begins before semantic-syntactic retrieval has been completed, (b) all candidates which are activated at the semantic level, and not just the target, are allowed to influence phonological encoding (see Rapp and Goldrick, 2000, for an extensive analysis).
By contrast, an interactive view of spoken production has been advocated by Dell and O'Seaghdha ( 1991, 1992): according to this view, semantic-syntactic and phonological processing take place simultaneously, and form properties of targets can impact on lexical retrieval. Other lexical candidates which might be co-activated in response to conceptual process do not activate their corresponding phonological codes. ( 1999), lexical-semantic access and phonological encoding represent separate and discrete processing steps: semantic-syntactic processing ends once the target lexical node is selected, and subsequent phonological encoding is restricted to the selected target node. According to a “serial” view of language production represented by the model of Levelt et al. At the former level, a lexical target node is selected among a cohort of activated semantically related lexical nodes, while at the latter level phonological codes of words are accessed, and an issue which has occupied theorists for a long time is how activation is transmitted between the two levels. Models of spoken language production describe the way in which thought is transformed into spoken output, a process which involves access to semantic-syntactic and phonological encoding levels. The term interactivity refers to the possibility that multiple cognitive processes influence one another as they take place. Interactivity has been highlighted as a central principle in current thinking about mental representations and processes involved in language (e.g., Boland and Cutler, 1996 Rapp and Goldrick, 2000). Additionally, the results speak to how the time interval between processing of target and distractor dimensions affects and modulates the emergence of orthographic facilitation effects. This finding constitutes clear evidence that task-irrelevant lexical codes activate their corresponding orthographic representation, and hence suggests that activation flows in a cascaded fashion within the written production system. Significant priming was found when on a trial, the written response shared an orthographic radical with the written name of the object.
We report a study in which Chinese participants were presented with colored line drawings of objects and were instructed to write the name of the color while attempting to ignore the object. In written word production, is activation transmitted from lexical-semantic selection to orthographic encoding in a serial or cascaded fashion? Very few previous studies have addressed this issue, and the existing evidence comes from languages with alphabetic orthographic systems.
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